Land Law Assessed Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law Assessed Coursework - Essay Example Firstly, he noticed Eve leading several goats into the garden of The Hollies. Simon told her that he was now the owner and that she had to remove the goats, but she produced a document described as a deed dated 1988 granting Eve the right to graze goats in the garden â€Å"for the rest of her life†. Secondly, he discovered that he couldn’t get into one of the outhouses. Simon had visited the property before buying and recalled glancing into the outhouse and seeing a man (Adam) working on a lathe. Simon asked him what he was doing there and Adam replied â€Å"give me a minute mate, this bit is very tricky†. Simon hung around for a minute or two, but then left to continue his inspection of The Hollies. However, now that Simon has purchased the property, he is aghast to see that Adam arrives in his van at 8:00 am every weekday morning to begin work in the outhouse claiming that he has a right to do so. Simon asked for evidence and was shown a document granting Adam exclusive possession of the outhouse for 5 years at  £50 per month. The document was dated 1st January 2008 and had been signed by both Adam and the previous owner, Luke. However, there was a gap on the document where their signatures should have been witnessed. Finally, Peter, Luke’s former partner arrived at The Hollies claiming that he has an interest in the property. It transpires that Peter and Luke separated several months ago and Peter has been on an extended holiday since the break-up. Apparently, Luke bought the property originally and put it in his sole name for ‘tax reasons’. Peter always understood that the reality was that they owned the property between them and as such, Peter ensured that he paid all of the bills enabling Luke to meet the mortgage repayments. Simon told Peter that he’d had a good look around the property before buying and didn’t recall seeing any evidence of

Risks Associated With International Business Transactions Economics Essay

Risks Associated With International Business Transactions Economics Essay International business has appeared in the history to satisfy the need of merchandises from long distance nations , it was an international trade . It begins in the 19th century BC where it has appeared in Assyrian merchant colony in Cappadocia . Camels allows Arab to move spices and silk from far east and trade it , establishing the silk road which make a connection to trade Chinese and Indian goods with the Romanian empire goods .Vasco de gamma ( Portuguese explorer ) has established a sea route between Europe and India . As international trade extent to reach all nations , the necessity of regulations or an international business law has been raised . The main convention for international trade was the united nations convention on contracts for international sale of good (CISG) which established by UNCITRAL (United nations commission on international trade law) . International Business Law involves two parts , private and public law , the private law related to international business transaction like international trade , finance trade , licensing and distributing agreements . the public law related to agreements that help to create a legal framework which international business takes place ( e.g. Treaties , Customs , Tariff.. ) International Business Transactions A business transactions begins when a buyer and a seller agree the terms and conditions to purchase a specific goods with a detailed quantity and price ( contract of sale ). In this contract , from the buyer point of view what is essential is to gain the ownership of the goods , for the seller what is important is to have the legal terms that provide receiving money . An International business transactions differ from domestic business transaction , because its usually include long distance which means higher risk in goods transiting , which mean higher insurance , how money will be transferred and who is responsible of the goods delivery , all that should be included and clearly in international business transaction contract . import Export trade Imports are goods or services that are made or grown abroad then purchased or receipt by the importer and distributed domestically . Exports are goods or services that are made or grown inside the nation then sold or rendered by the exporter to be distributed abroad The need of export import trade generally is because on country has an advantage over others in specific items , some countries have comparative advantages like manufacturing (ex. Germany , japan .. ) others have comparative advantage in natural resources like oil or gas ( ex. Saudi Arabia , Russia ) . Exporting can be direct or indirect .Direct exporting is when the manufacturer take the responsibility of most of the export processes , usually they use Foreign sales representative or foreign distributer in the exported country .Indirect exporting is when a company use intermediaries ( export trade company , export management company ) to enter the foreign market , usually happen because lack of capital or because the company do not have the needed experience to enter this foreign country . Trades usually governed by the laws and regulations of the trade countries , they use tariffs and non-tariffs barriers , this reflect the way that companies trade with each country . In 1947 nations accept General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , this movement occurred to liberalize trade by reducing tariffs and non-tariffs barriers . in 1995 WTO (World Trade Organization ) has been created to manage the rules and assist settling the trade disputes between WTO nations . foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment is when a company invest its workforces and resources to purchase or to build an operation in another country . those company called MNC (Multinational Corporation) . Countries usually welcome FDI because MNCs has many impacts over hosts country economics and political system . FDI is a major decision for any company because its full of costs and risks . MNCs companies has many ways to enter the market of a foreign country considering of many factors like capitalization , legal considerations and market condition, MNCs decide to enter foreign market as Joint Venture , Mergers , Subsidiaries or Acquisitions . When a firm owned 100% by a foreigner , its a wholly owned subsidiary . A joint venture is an organization that is created by two or more companies or with the foreign government they share risk and assets , companies use joint venture to reduce the risk of entering foreign market . ( e.g. Peugeot France has a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor China) A strategic alliance is an agreement between competitors to achieve common goal .(e.g. Airlines Coding share ) Licensing , Franchising Licensing is an agreement where the Licensor (Firm) grants a Licensee (Foreign Firm) the right to use its intellectual property ( patent , logo, formula , etc.) .Licensing can be completely within one country , but its a way that companies use to distribute its products with minimum risk taken , where there is a percentage of profit paid by the licensee to the licensor . Franchising is a form of licensing which the Franchisor (parent firm) offers equipment , material , trademarks , technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to the Franchisee (investor) , in the other hand the franchisee should pay a fee or a percentage of the profit to the franchisor .(e.g. McDonalds) Franchising is a good way to inter the foreign market because the franchisee will provide the capital for investment and the management and franchisee will deal with customer and labor problems , franchising usually associated with many legal requirements , it depends on the country , un US the federal trade commission is regulating the franchising . in other hand in china they eliminated most of the restriction on franchising . rISK aSSOCIATED WITH INTERNTIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS sTRATEGIC rISK Strategic risk means the risk of weak or bad strategic decision concerning the competitiveness the firm in the foreign country , its the risk of misanalysing of the porters five forces which are the threat of new entrants , threat of substitute products or services , Bargaining power of customer , Bargaining power of suppliers and the intensity of competitive rivalry . Usually MNCs companies is more concerned about this risk , where a well done study of the market is required before entering the foreign country . An example of a company which failed In the strategic risk consideration . Political risk International managers should understand the substantial effects of political decision making in country before beginning its business , and understand how political decision making can influence its business . Political movements and instability can make it difficult to the company to operate well . International manager should be aware of the ideology of the host country , the economic system ( communism , socialism ,capitalism ) and the political system ( democratic , totalitarianism ) and the structure of the host government , a risk of embargos and sanction of trades which usually used for political pressure rather that economic issues .Understanding the stability of host country political system can avoid many risks , a new and hostile government may replace the friendly relationships and hence expropriate foreign assets .The firm most understand the regional stability and international affairs of the host country . The firm can do political risk analysis to assist in firm deci sion making . operational risk Operational Risk is the risk concerning operational activities , machineries breakdown , supply of resources, logistics and inventory problems .By establishing a good operational risk analysis and evaluation , companies will be able to reduce operational loss, pre-detecting of illegal activities , reducing auditing costs and reduce exposures to future risks , and that well lead to reduce waste and improve processes , it will develop lead-time and add to efficiency in international business . In export Import international transaction , a delivery risk is an operational risk , where a buyer didnt receive ordered goods , it can happen because of workers strike , or delay in the shipment . One form of delivery risk is property risk , and its a loss or damage to the goods before they arrive. The risk of Pilferage can affect all types of trade transaction , specially import export one, this has been a problem for many years , a new way of boxing (cargo) and new technologies entered this sector to minimize the risk of pilferage . country risk When the firm decided to do business broad , it should consider the basic infrastructure needed for the firm operation , that what country risk means . Roads , Bridges and telecommunication, crime rate and corruption , internal conflicts or civil unrest and the economic condition ( unemployment rate , unskilled labor force etc. ) , terrorism , in the host country all that can make it difficult to enter or do business safely ,effectively , efficiently in that country . Country risk can be the Language and Cultural differences and the risk of exposure to foreign law and courts , a Lack of language differences awareness can cause many problems that will end in courts , an example of that , what happened in1975 , United states district court , between Gaskin (US citizen) and Stumm Handel GMBH (German company ) , an employment contract written in German has been signed by Gaskin ,who has no knowledge about German language . technological risk Lack of security in electronic transaction , absence of information technology infrastructure and the cost of rapidly developed technology , all that will result creating problems that will affect doing business in the host country . environmental risk Environmental risk may lead to damage the reputation of the Firm if firms function resulted pollution ( Air , water , environment .etc.) and that will cause risk to the firm .And vice versa if the host country has pollution , that may cause health problem to firms employees . economic Financial risk Changing in domestic fiscal or monetary policies , devaluation or inflation rate , GDP , unemployment rate and the ability of the host country to meet financial obligations , all that make an Economic risk that should be careful understood before conducting international business . In this area, Currency exchange rate can have big effect over international trade and investment decisions taken by the firm . Fluctuations in foreign country currency can diminish profits when the firm convert them back to home currency , some countries may create rules that will minimize the flexibility of the firm to send money outside the country , hedging strategies could mitigate some of the currency exchange rate. In export-Import international transaction a financial risk can be a payment risk , where the buyer will fail to pay for the ordered goods , it will costs a lot specially if the cost of shipment is so high (Because of sensitive or heavy shipments ). Summary The International Business environment has changes a lot in the last decades , with the high competitiveness of international market , International mangers now a days should be aware of economic , political , culture and other differences in the world to be affective in his position . The three main international business types , export-imports , FDI , and Licensing and franchising. In each type of them there are risks that should be considered and pre-determined to be able to build and plan a good strategy that will minimize any risk that may face firm international business.

HANDS and Programming :: Programming Technology Engineering Essays

HANDS and Programming Humans were never meant to stare days at a time into a screen and type lines of code into a vast expanse of nothingness. Our minds reject such alien methods with surprising ferocity. It is for this reason that programming has taken a more human-centric approach. Programming is adverse to what humans are naturally inclined to do, and because of this a push has been made for a development of programming where the programmer is not doing that which is against his nature. An example of this is HANDS, which is a programming language that is primarily directed towards children, but incorporates the human-centric ideas. (Myers, Pane, Miller) HANDS bases its programming platform on objects, in HANDS there is a figure sitting at a table that can manipulate a stack of cards, the cards being the programming utilities. This approach lessens the tedious editing of line after line of mundane code. In all actuality the programming is more of a game than a task. This appeals to children greatly (of which the language was geared for), but the basic concept could also be applied to the average programmer. The ability to program without using dry code will be a great step forward in human-centric computing. Once the base level of the computer has been conformed to serve the human’s needs, the other parts of computing that base themselves off of programming will be changed as well. It is only a matter of time. (Myers, Pane, Miller) Another type of progressive programming is in the field of Mechanical Engineering. For fifteen years â€Å"Sammie†--which is a computer model of a human--has been incorporating itself into the workplace. Sammie was a vast improvement for the engineers and their approach to the solving of problems. The engineers at one time had to interpret the anthropometric tables themselves, but with Sammie, the work was done for them allowing quicker, more accurate work to be accomplished. This is a type of program that allowed humans to operate their computers in a way that was much more natural to them, which in itself is a major progression from the previous methods that were sadly outdated and used too often. (Morrissey) Michael L. Dertouzos, the director of MIT’s Laboratory for Computer Science wrote The Unfinished Revolution: Human-Centered Computers and What They Can Do for Us.

19th Century China

Drawing on what I’ve learned from class discussions and individual research, the 19thcentury in China brought a lot of failure and hardships. It was a time of unhappiness and rapid decline giving it a theme of â€Å"national humiliation†. There was a lot of corruption and rebellion during this period of the time. Around this time China experienced economic regression when foreign interests invaded the country. With the majority of the world expanding and advancing, China found itself on the back burner of this shift into a globalized world.China weakened in the adaption of the new world due to it isolationist ways. This period of rapid political decline and unhappiness was matched with an economic decline as well. China ill-prepared to handle the military and technological distresses from the West in the age of industrialization. Many say that the last few years of the 19th century were by far the worst for China. They had fallen into a state of chaos by the turn of the 20th century. The political structure was a very imbalanced structure in the sense that it did not seek equality.The imperial known as the Manchus were at the top of this political structure. The Manchus came from Manchuria, they ruled from 1644 to 1912 and became nearly conformed into China. The Manchus were known to be the last ruling dynasty to date. They were in charge when the Europeans begun to arrive in vast numbers. Internal trade was very important to China during the 19th century. The silk industry was very important, as it had been for many years. But the balance of the population and the ability to maintain it reached its highest at approximately 1779.Later on, it continued to rise but could not sustain itself at the same time. Accordingly, the orthodox of living and food available for every individual declined greatly. Eventually, with the rise of population, the ability to sustain its people and the average standard of living plummeted. Millions of people starved to d eath in the province of Shaanxi, a third of the population, all in one winter. Near to the end of the 18th century, China’s political administration experienced a tremendous decline. These problems were not very well known, even to the current Emperor.However, In addition to a combination of political and economic issues, the Emperor gave up the throne. Chinese society was made up of a hierarchy, which consisted of male officials. During this time the country was in shambles. The women in China during this time were extremely mistreated and limited. One very unfortunate sign of exploitation women was foot binding which became worse over time. In late 17th century England tried to convince the Chinese emperor to ease restrictions on trading privileges.The Chinese had always felt that they had enough and did not need anything else. With the downfall of political administration and economic failures, multiple wars that resulted in unfair treaties were further intrusions upon the once proud country. These treaties became known as the â€Å"unequal treaties,† made by the British and French after their invasions. In the early 19th century British importers began smuggling opium into China in order to surplus their acquisitions of tea for export to Britain.In 1839, China implemented its prohibitions on importing opium by terminating it, a large quantity of opium seized from the British merchants. Great Britain, which had been trying to end China’s limitations on foreign trade, reacted to this by sending battle ships to attack several Chinese coastal cities. This was known as the first opium war that last for two years. This was the first of many â€Å"Unequal Treaties. † China was defeated by the superior British and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing.In 1850 China experienced the Taiping Rebellion, which is known to be the largest peasant revolution in Chinese history as well as one of the biggest civil wars in world history. The re bellion was anti-Manchu, anti-Confucianism and pro-Christianity movement. This revolutionary movement resulted in a three huge changes in China; it shifted military power from the Manchu to Chinese generals due to the Qing government mobilizing local Chinese army to fight the Taiping. It regionalized China and gave more economic and political power to local influences.This provoked anti-Manchu feelings and led to the end of the Qing Dynasty and the reestablishment of the Chinese nation. China had derived from world economic supremacy to a shattered semi-colonial country with a huge impoverished population. The last few years of the 19th century were China’s toughest ones, causing them to fall into a complete state of disorder as the 20th century was around the corner. This was not a good period for China, but they got past all their hardships and failures with time making them a stronger and more unified nation.

Pip’s emotion Essay

Remembering this, the adult Pip says â€Å"I believe they were fat, though at the time I was undersized for my years and not string† This begins to give the reader an image of Pips physical appearance. The fact that he is undersized and weak could be because due to the lack of money in his family he is underfed. This creates sympathy for Pip because the reader can see this poor defenceless little child in this awful situation and as he seems so defenceless the readers are interested to know how or if he will get himself out of this situation. This also helps Dickens to project his reasons for writing great expectations to the reader as he is unhappy with the conditions that Pip and other children in this time period are living in. The fact that Pip is criticizing himself could reflect the way he is treated by other people and is unhappy with himself (which becomes clear later in the story with his longing to become a gentleman). This Quote also shows that this is the voice of the adult Pip as looking back on this scene he is very concerned about his appearance as a boy. This could make the reader wonder if Pop is not poor any longer because as a gentleman appearance would be very important. Yet again Pip’s tone is quite light which helps to give the impression that Pip does get out of this situation safely and that maybe the convict isn’t as bad as he seems. This gives makes it seem that Pip is keeping something from the reader which makes the reader interested and wanting to find out what they don’t know. Pip continues to say â€Å"I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn’t and held tighter to the tombstone on which he had put me partly to keep myself upon it and partly to keep myself from crying. † By the explanation it is clear to the reader that this is a past event because it sounds like the words of an adult who is now well educated not those of a young boy who is close to tears. This also shows that the convicts has no consideration for Pips feelings and no respect for him either as he places him on top of a gravestone which could be that of his parents. This lack of care and respect for children is what Dickens is trying to put across and wants changed. This also gives the impression that in contrast to his previous defencelessness appearance pip as a character is quite brave as he is trying to stay calm and not show that he is upset while most children would be in tears. This could be trying to show the audience that you should not judge people by class or appearance which is relevant later on in the story as the convict turns out to be a nice person of lower class while Estella is cruel and snobby because she thinks she is better than Pip because of the class she believes she belongs to. However although the adult Pip seems to be thinking he was brave the first phrase sounds quite light as if pip doesn’t want the reader to think he was weak and is making the tone less serious. This still creates sympathy for Pip because so many terrible things are happening to him. The convict wants to scare Pip into doing what he wants † A boy may lock his door may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open. â€Å"At this point Magwitch is being very manipulative and is scaring Pip into thinking that someone he cant see or hear can see and hear him. His description is so vivid that it may also make the reader feel uneasy as if they too are being watched. Dickens creates tension with the steady build up of short actions that result in him suddenly being killed. He lists every possible thing that Pip may try to do to escape and explaining how they won’t work and that Pip is unable to escape which will leave Pip feeling completely helpless. The fact that he uses Pip’s home as the setting for this grim death which is the one place Pip should feel safe will make Pip feel trapped and that he is in danger wherever he goes. The convict is looking into the mind of a child and has picked the scenario most children fear. This is very cruel which shows how desperate he is but could also show that magwitch has had contact with children as he knows what they fear. This concept is very disturbing and as was evident from previous descriptions Pip’s imagination is already going wild. The length of the detail could be because magwitch has done what he is describing or has seen someone else do it whilst in prison. Pip’s imagination and descriptions create more images of the convict † he looked into my young eyes as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. † This is pips imagination exaggerating what he sees but still makes the reader picture magwitch as something out of a horror style text. It could be that the look on his face is like he is attempting to escape from the dead and recreates Pips earlier ideas of him coming for the graves. His appearance gives a feel of how much he has been through in the fact that he is covered in mud and starving to death. However the fact that he is not being pulled into the graves proves that he is strong and either not ready or refusing to die making the reader wonder if he has an important part to play later in the story, which he does. Dickens uses sentence structures to show distance â€Å"ours was the marsh country, down by the river, with as the river wound twenty miles from the sea† This creates an instant impression that his home is very far away. The word â€Å"wound† creates the image of distance and the repetition of river creates the feeling of length. Each comma between the descriptions could resemble a new twist or turn to the river. The fact that he is so far away from his home (and society) and the sea, makes him seem very isolated and alone. Not only is he trapped in the graveyard but his home seems to be in the middle of nowhere with no place to escape to this adds to the overall feeling of helplessness that the chapter creates around Pip. The commas themselves make the sentence more difficult to understand which symbolises the feeling of Pip being lost and trapped in this place completely separate from the rest of the world. Dickens uses sentence structures to show Pip’s emotions. Pip tells the reader † at such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard, and that Philip pirrip late of this parish, and also georgianna wife of the above were dead and buried and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried, and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard intersected with dykes and mounds and gates with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. Here Dickens successfully; by use of sentence structure, captures the voice of the young Pip. † This sentence shows that Pip is getting increasingly upset with everything he is seeing. He is thinking about the deaths of his parents and brothers and beginning to realise how alone he is in the graveyard and in the world because almost his entire family is â€Å"dead and buried†. He seems to be looking around and taking in more and more at once which is shown by the fact that he keeps adding more and more descriptions to the sentence. He repeats the words â€Å"and that† after every semi-colon which effectively shows the voice of the young child as he is using limited vocabulary and making it sound like a list. This quote also how small and insignificant Pip is in his surroundings because it is such a long description until all that is left is pip. He is beginning to scare himself because he uses a metaphor describing the sea as a lair as the wind is rushing from it with such force like a wild animal waiting to attack him. This also shows a Childs imagination and fears and makes the reader want to protect Pip as he is a frightened innocent child. The sentence is extended with commas and semi-colons and everything is listed very quickly which makes Pip sound very panicky and this feeling is mirrored by the fact that the reader gets out of breath when reading it aloud. It shows a build up of all of his emotions and when the sentence ends the reader may get a sense of relief which is like the relief Pip feels when he begins to cry. Everything is described very negatively and Pip begins with the focus on the deaths of his family which shows what a depressing setting this is and makes the reader want to help Pip escape from it all. Dickens uses a long sentence to describe the convict. † A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars, who limped and shivered and glared and growled; and who’s teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. † Here Pip is getting panicked again which is shown by the fast pace of the list describing magwich’s appearance. This also captures the sense of a young boy through the adult pip because although this also sounds like the speech of a child with the repetition of the word â€Å"and† at the time pip was unlikely to have noticed everything about the convict. Therefore dickens writes as the adult Pip so as to give an effective description of the convict. It also emphasises how much the convict has been through and proves that he must be strong to have survived everything Pip describes and also that he must have a purpose in his life and in the story otherwise why put himself through so much. The alliteration focuses the reader’s attention on the words â€Å"glared and growled† giving an impression that the convict is some kind of wild animal which fits well with the metaphor â€Å"distant savage lair†.

Leadershi in Business Essays

Leadershi in Business Essays Leadershi in Business Essay Leadershi in Business Essay Name Professor Course Date of Submission Leadership and Innovation Section A: Apple Inc. Why apple has been successful? Apple Inc. is the brain child of guru tech Steve Wozniak and Steve jobs. it was started in 1971 and since then, it has grown to be one of the world’s leading supplier of diverse telecommunication products. The company’s success is attributed to its abilities to remain highly competitive through its innovative business strategies (Davila, Epstein and Shelton 231). At Apple Inc. innovation increases customer and stakeholder satisfaction. Leadership in innovation at apple Inc. is responsible for its continued success in the world of telecommunications. Is there any systematic approach to innovation at apple? If yes, how would you characterize it? Can it be imitated? If no, why not? Innovation at apple inc. approaches innovation in a systematic way especially as it pertains to its manufacturing processes. The company’s design team is responsible for implementing innovative changes to its product design. It is not possible to imitate company’s innovativeness because its strategic approach targets at meeting specific needs of its customers. Imitating company’s innovations is not possible because the company has patent its processes inhibiting unfair imitation by a third party. We’ve been talking about innovation, and we’re now looking at Apple and its success. Where does innovation fit into that success? What is innovation at Apple? At Apple Inc. innovation is the main reason for its global success. It has designed more than five innovative products that have greatly impacted on the telecommunication world. The company has ensured great investment on innovation ensuring the company remains innovative in a highly dynamic business world. Innovation is the backbone of Apples Inc. success in the industry. What is the role of a CEO in charge of an organization dedicated to innovation? Does Steve Jobs fit within this definition? Is he something else: a Rock Star? Who makes him that? Compare him with other business leaders. CEOs play a significant role in imprinting fundamental personalities and skills. Steve Jobs was esponsible for being a charismatic leader with ambition on innovative technologies that he has passed into the company employees. His design sense is fundamental in guiding the company’s innovative strategies in design of its products. What would happen to Apple if Jobs left tomorrow? No impact, some impact or significant impact? Steve Jobs leaving Apple Inc. would have little or no effect on the company’s innovative operations. This is because the company under gui dance of its policies on innovation is able to mobilize its design teams to continue providing innovative product designs. Company employees are motivated and are trained to ensure their innovative ideas keep on benefiting the company in meeting market demands of telecommunication products. Section A: Nokia Case Study Sources of innovation at Nokia Company include its intellectual property, investment in its human capital to promote innovative ideas for the benefit of the company. Nokia has patented its innovative technologies that are essential in enhancing its innovative strategies in its processes, product design and services (Davila, Epstein and Shelton 125). Also, the company innovations are fostered by its investment on employees to motivate them to come up with innovative ideas that promote company innovations. Nokia leverages its innovations by encouraging exchange of ideas and information to promote company innovativeness. This company culture advocates employee training to enhance their innovative ideas. Intellectual property of the company is essential in creating foundation for continued stream of revenues and implementing of market dominance (Drucker 79). Patenting protects company innovative ideas essential for mergers and acquisitions. Intellectual property controls unfair exploitation of the company’s innovative technology. Leaders of the company can influence innovative designs by proving guidance and management strategies useful in enhancing sharing of information and ideas by employees. Davila, T. , Epstein, M. J and Shelton, R. Making Innovation Work: How to Manage It, Measure It, and Profit from It. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. 2006. Print Drucker, P. F. Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Harpercollins. 2009. Print

Free Essays on Health Services Research

Health Services ResearchOct, 2000 The Outcome and Cost of Alcohol and Drug Treatment in an HMO: Day Hospital Versus Traditional Outpatient Regimens.Author/s: Constance WeisnerObjective. To compare outcome and cost-effectiveness of the two primary addiction treatment options, day hospitals (DH) and traditional outpatient programs (OF) in a managed care organization, in a population large enough to examine patient subgroups.Data Sources. Interviews with new admissions to a large HMO's chemical dependency program in Sacramento, California between April1994 and April 1996, with follow-up interviews eight months later. Computerized utilization and cost data were collected from 1993 to 1997.Study Design. Design was a randomized control trial of adult patients entering the HMO's alcohol and drug treatment program (N = 668). To examine the generalizability of findings as well as self-selection factors, we also studied patients presenting during the same period who were unable or unwilling to be randomized (N = 405). Baseline interviews characterized type of substance use, addiction severity, psychiatric status, and motivation. Follow-up interviews were conducted at eight months following intake. Breathanalysis and urinalysis were conducted. Program costs were calculated. Data Collection. Interview data were merged with computerized utilization and cost data.Principal Findings. Among randomized subjects, both study arms showed significant improvement in all drug and alcohol measures. There were no differences overall in outcomes between DH and OF, but DH subjects with midlevel psychiatric severity had significantly better outcomes, particularly in regard to alcohol abstinence (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 4.9). The average treatment costs were $1,640 and $895 for DH and OP programs, respectively. In the midlevel psychiatric severity group, the cost of obtaining an additional person abstinent from alcohol in the DH cohort was approximately $5,464. Am... Free Essays on Health Services Research Free Essays on Health Services Research Health Services ResearchOct, 2000 The Outcome and Cost of Alcohol and Drug Treatment in an HMO: Day Hospital Versus Traditional Outpatient Regimens.Author/s: Constance WeisnerObjective. To compare outcome and cost-effectiveness of the two primary addiction treatment options, day hospitals (DH) and traditional outpatient programs (OF) in a managed care organization, in a population large enough to examine patient subgroups.Data Sources. Interviews with new admissions to a large HMO's chemical dependency program in Sacramento, California between April1994 and April 1996, with follow-up interviews eight months later. Computerized utilization and cost data were collected from 1993 to 1997.Study Design. Design was a randomized control trial of adult patients entering the HMO's alcohol and drug treatment program (N = 668). To examine the generalizability of findings as well as self-selection factors, we also studied patients presenting during the same period who were unable or unwilling to be randomized (N = 405). Baseline interviews characterized type of substance use, addiction severity, psychiatric status, and motivation. Follow-up interviews were conducted at eight months following intake. Breathanalysis and urinalysis were conducted. Program costs were calculated. Data Collection. Interview data were merged with computerized utilization and cost data.Principal Findings. Among randomized subjects, both study arms showed significant improvement in all drug and alcohol measures. There were no differences overall in outcomes between DH and OF, but DH subjects with midlevel psychiatric severity had significantly better outcomes, particularly in regard to alcohol abstinence (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 4.9). The average treatment costs were $1,640 and $895 for DH and OP programs, respectively. In the midlevel psychiatric severity group, the cost of obtaining an additional person abstinent from alcohol in the DH cohort was approximately $5,464. Am...

What is a Motif †Definition and 10 Must-Know Examples

What is a Motif s What is a Motif? Definition and 10 Concrete Examples from Literature Let's just admit it: â€Å"What is a motif and how do you use it?† is a much less sexy question to ask than, â€Å"What’s your book about?†But it’s just as necessary. If the theme of a book is its heartbeat, then motifs in literature are the vessels that keep the blood coursing through the narrative. Among other things, motifs add depth to your writing and steer readers toward your book’s central message (assisted by other strong literary devices).In this post, we’ll look at what a motif is (and what it is not), examine motif examples in action, and explore how you can incorporate motifs into your own writing.What is a motif?A motif is a recurring narrative element with symbolic significance. If you spot a symbol, concept, or plot structure that surfaces repeatedly in the text, you’re probably dealing with a motif. Motifs  must be related to the central idea of the work and they  always end up reinforcing the author’s overal l message.But how can you tell which ones are motifs? Remember that you must be able to connect a motif to the "big ideas" in a book. Just because the narrator mentions a particular pair of shoes a few times, doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s a motif - unless the author makes a point of tying it to a bigger question of, let’s say, escape and freedom. (Don’t worry - we’ll provide more concrete motif examples in a bit!)Since they’re repeated throughout a text, motifs are also very traceable. As you're trying to figure out the motifs of a given work, it might be useful to think of them as having a trail of purposeful clues. The author plants these breadcrumbs so that the reader can better work out the ideas behind the work - and its overarching point.That brings up our next question: how do motifs relate to themes? Luckily, we've got the answer for you right here!Motifs support a book's theme How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Read post If you need help developing your characters to that point, here are some character development exercises and a free character profile template for your personal use.Option 3: FreewriteIf you’re itching to nail down your motifs before you start writing, but aren’t feeling inspired, consider freewriting. This is the practice of writing down all of your thoughts without stopping for a certain period of time - usually between 10-20 minutes.To tease out your motif, try to start off by freewriting about your theme. When you’re done, go back and see what ideas or symbols surface repeatedly in the exercises. You might be surprised at what your mind produces when the block of self-editing is removed!4. Know that motifs are here to help, not hinderLike themes, motifs are there to help you write your book (and help readers understand them)! If you let them, motifs will add a valuable layer of depth to your story. So don't be afraid of them - let the motifs come to you nat urally as you're writing or planning. You'll find that your themes will thank you for it.How do you approach motifs in your stories? Do you have any more questions or thoughts on the subject? Leave them in the comments below!

Rene Descartes On Discourse on Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rene Descartes On Discourse on Method - Essay Example He explained that since mathematics has achieved the certainty for which human thinkers seek, the traditional persons should rightly turn to mathematical reasoning as a model for progress in human knowledge. Expressing perfect confidence in the capacity of human reason to achieve knowledge, Descartes proposed an intellectual process that suggested the architectural destruction and rebuilding of an entire town. In Part 2, he writes: It is true, however, that it is not customary to pull down all the houses of a town with the single design of rebuilding them differently, and thereby rendering the streets more handsome; but it often happens that a private individual takes down his own with the view of erecting it anew, and that people are even sometimes constrained to this when their houses are in danger of falling from age, or when the foundations are insecure. What is true of buildings and constitutions is also true for knowledge. The fact that the existing sciences have often grown up gradually with no uniform plan explains this as a key role of processing the â€Å"unlearning† of what we have previously learned. Descartes used that as an example to explain that in order to be absolutely sure that we accept only what is genuinely certain, we must first deliberately renounce all of the firmly held but questionable traditional beliefs we have previously acquired by experience and education. However, he later warns about the consequences of the reconstruction, such that:

How can Human Resources protect an organization from the risks and Essay

How can Human Resources protect an organization from the risks and liabilities associated with HR Technology and Digital Communications - Essay Example Human resource management is a company’s first contact point with its employees because it is the arm of the company that recruits and as such it is in a good position to train them on how to use its technology and digital communications responsibly. User training is important in protecting organizations from the risks and liabilities associated with human resource management technology and digital communications because many of these risks arise from their inappropriate use (Baldwin, 2010). The human resource department should train employees on the organization’s acceptable-use policy for its digital machines and software applications. Important areas that this training can touch on include proper use of the email system, password administration guidelines, login requirements and desktop security. Some of the training activities that can help protect against risks and liabilities associated with human resource management technology and digital communications can include sensitizing employees about policy changes, in-person seminars and web-based courses. Requiring employees to sign a security awareness agreement at the end of every training session enhances employees’ adherence to policies on human resource technology and digital communications security policies (Kerr et. al., 2011). The human resource department should adopt mechanism that can help detect user violations of responsible and acceptable use of human resource technology and digital communications which can bring risks and predispose the organization to liabilities. Timely detection of such violations enables timely mitigation of risks and the management of the things that damage a company’s reputation and brand. The human resource department should require auditors to assess for the effectiveness and adequacy of IT security policies and procedures to protect against risks and

Fabric Dye Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fabric Dye - Assignment Example Apart from these materials, a host of other process chemicals are included. These are; acids such as formic and acetic, alkalis such as sodium carbonate, NaOH and potassium hydroxide, bleaches such as sodium chlorite, sodium hypo chlorite and hydrogen peroxide, dyes such as pigment, disperse and vat, salts such as sodium chloride, stabilizers from sodium nitrate, sodium silicate and organic stabilizers, auxiliary finishes such as softener and fire retardant. There are various methods that are used for textile dyeing. First there is application of color by use of various techniques of dyeing for various kinds of fiber and at various phases of the textile production procedure. These techniques include; stock dyeing, direct dyeing, yarn dyeing, top dyeing, piece dyeing, dope dyeing, piece dyeing, garment dyeing and solution pigmenting (Smith, McClure, 2003). There following are processes that are generally used when dyeing textile materials; batch and continuous, semi-continuous, and pigment dyeing process. Batch dyeing process is also known as exhaust dyeing and is the most common and popular technique for dyeing textile materials. The word exhaust is used to refer to this technique since this process allows dye to be transferred gradually from a moderately huge volume dye bath to the material being dyed. It also takes a longer time. Thus the dye is intended to ‘exhaust’ starting from the dye bath to the material. In this technique, textile materials can be readily dyed at any phase during their assembling into the preferred textile product which comprises of yarn, fiber, garment or fabric. Some of the machines used in batch dyeing process can perform at temperatures of 1000 0 C. Batch dyeing technique can be optimized by; first replacing conservative overflow-flood rinsing techniques with processes like drain and fill or use of other techniques such as smart rinsing (especially for fabrics), suitable recycling of rinsed water fo the subsequent

Financial system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial system - Essay Example Financial instruments are paper documents. Yet just as a surgeon uses instruments as financial instruments to undertake crucial exchanges of financial resources. They also can use financial instruments to help reduce the risks of financial loss. There are two basic ways to categorise financial markets. One, which distinguishes between primary or secondary markets, separates types of financial markets depending upon whether or not they are markets for newly issued instruments. The other, which distinguishes between capital and money markets, defines financial markets on the basis of the instrument maturities. The maturity of an instrument is the time ranging from the date of issue until final principal and interest payments are due to the holders of the instruments. Maturities of less than a year are short-term maturities, while maturities in excess of ten years are long-term maturities. Maturities ranging from one to ten years are intermediate-term maturities. Institutions that serve as the middlemen in this process of financing are financial intermediaries. These intermediaries exist solely to take the funds of savers and redistribute those funds to the ultimate borrowers. When individual savers allocate some of their saving to a business by purchasing a corporate bond, they effectively make a direct loan to the business. That is, they assist in the direct finance of the capital investment that the business desires to undertake. But the process of financing such endeavours is not always so direct. Consider, for instance, what may happen if the server also purchases a long-term time deposit issue by a banking firm. The bank, turn, may use these funds, together with those of other deposit holders to buy corporate bonds issued by the same business. In this instance, the saver has indirectly financed business capital investment. The bank, in turn, has intermediated the financing of the investment. There are two types of finance Direct finance Indirect finance In the case of direct finance, a financial intermediary such as a bank plays no role. A saver lends directly to parties who undertake investment. Under indirect finance, however, some other institution channels the funds of savers to those who wish to make capital investments. This latter process of indirect finance, which is the most common way in which funds are channelled from saving to investment, is financial intermediation. There are two groups, which comprise market: 1) Involved: These are the people who are the market participants of economic theory. They have all the knowledge regarding financial assets portfolio. 2) Uninvolved: these are the people with limited knowledge. The usually don't have information about the nature of financial claims and fair market value. The financial intermediaries help these people by providing services in shape of information. By investing on their behalf. This reduced the perceived cost of transaction due to the lack of information. Most of the household consumers partly participate in the market. (Allen & Santomero, 1998). Benefits of

Polynomial function Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polynomial function - Assignment Example Conclusion: It is clear that the prediction about that nonic expression is true. The graph will remain the same till the infinite value of x. however, graph is not a straight inclined line, and thus hypothesis is not perfectly true. A part of the hypothesis is true as the graph of the nonic function is each case passes through the origin and lay in two quadrants. Moreover hypothesis is also true that it ranges from -∞ to +∞; however, the graph of the nonic function is not always a straight line. The graph may have three turning points and do not always remain a straight line. However, it will always remain in two quadrants. It is not possible to attain a solution for the nonic degree polynomial expressions with the methods developed and designed to solve the lower degree polynomial expressions. On the other hand, calculation by researchers and mathematicians are done only up to sixth degree polynomial expressions. The solution of nonic degree polynomial involves the algebraic comparison with the symbolic equation of similar degree. The first step of the solution is the decomposition of the nonic degree expression in novel manner. The two factors attained as the result of decomposition of nonic degree expressions are fourth degree polynomial expression and other is fifth degree polynomial expression. The decompositions and factorization method that we will involve in the solution of nonic degree expressions will eventually give expression that can be solved in radicals

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 45

Reflection paper - Essay Example According to the recommendation 4 of the health reforms, it is desired that by 2020, the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to have increased to 80 percent (Institute of Medicine) (2011). This is a 30 percent increase from 2010’s 50 percent. In addition to the attainment of the baccalaureate degree, the recommendation is also concerned with the diversity of those who attain it (Ibid 2011). IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2011) the essence of diversity of the nurses with the baccalaureate degree holders is to cater for the diverse population’s demands. Increasing my level of education will affect how I compete in the current job market in profoundly beneficial ways. Strong evidence has established a desirable â€Å"relationship between higher education for nurses and improved patient outcomes† (Ibid 2011). With regard to the requirements for entry-level practice, the expectations from the general public are that more people interested in nursing will pu rsue the baccalaureate degree (Ibid 2011). Therefore, settling down with a baccalaureate degree will not offer me a competitive advantage. In the business world, employers are being hired with preference to those with BSN and Higher degrees (Ibid 2011). My goal is to pursue a doctorate in nursing since unlike the baccalaureate degree this gives me the competitive advantage that I need in the current job market. Institute of Medicine (2011) recommendation 5 pursues that by 2020, the number of nurses with a doctorate to have doubled. The multiplication of the current number of nurses is also closely associated with the catering for the diverse populations’ demands. Moreover, an increase in the number of nurses with a doctorate will contribute to the researcher of the nursing faculties. Pursuing a nursing course so far has opened up my mind to heightened interests in the field. Increasing my level of education is expected to substantially affect my role in

Polynomial function Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polynomial function - Assignment Example Conclusion: It is clear that the prediction about that nonic expression is true. The graph will remain the same till the infinite value of x. however, graph is not a straight inclined line, and thus hypothesis is not perfectly true. A part of the hypothesis is true as the graph of the nonic function is each case passes through the origin and lay in two quadrants. Moreover hypothesis is also true that it ranges from -∞ to +∞; however, the graph of the nonic function is not always a straight line. The graph may have three turning points and do not always remain a straight line. However, it will always remain in two quadrants. It is not possible to attain a solution for the nonic degree polynomial expressions with the methods developed and designed to solve the lower degree polynomial expressions. On the other hand, calculation by researchers and mathematicians are done only up to sixth degree polynomial expressions. The solution of nonic degree polynomial involves the algebraic comparison with the symbolic equation of similar degree. The first step of the solution is the decomposition of the nonic degree expression in novel manner. The two factors attained as the result of decomposition of nonic degree expressions are fourth degree polynomial expression and other is fifth degree polynomial expression. The decompositions and factorization method that we will involve in the solution of nonic degree expressions will eventually give expression that can be solved in radicals

Revolution of Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Revolution of Technology - Research Paper Example In this paper, the author attempts to peruse the causes and effects of the revolution in technology. In addition, the author concurs that the advantages of the revolution in technology far exceeds the few disadvantages which are purported. The National Research Council notes: our society has been through other periods of dramatic change before, driven by such innovations as the steam engine, railroad, telephone, and automobile. But never before have we experienced technologies that are evolving so rapidly (increasing in power by a hundredfold every decade), altering the constraints of space and time, and reshaping the way we communicate, learn, and think. (p. 5) This dynamic altering has changed life as we know it forever and although the revolution in technology has been the major factor in the improvement of life throughout the ages there remains several negative consequences. Nonetheless, these negative features as analyzed in the literature pales in comparison to the plethora of positive effects spawned from the revolution. Notwithstanding, this technology has brought with it an unquenchable thirst for more knowledge and a seemingly disconnection in human physical relationships there is a certain level of satisfaction obtained from the actual utilization of these technologies. This paper purports that the positive effects of the revolution of technology far outweighs the negative. ... Maury Klein emphasized that this industrialization paved the way for â€Å"large cities, the mass migration of people out of rural areas and into cities, as well as changes in the pace of American life†. Atkeson and Kehoe note that the tremendous amount of â€Å"new manufacturing technologies based on electricity† which were invented in the 1860s to 1900s caused that period to be dubbed the Second Industrial Revolution (64). This period was synonymous with a ‘new economy’ personified by rapid increase in the manufacturing industry. The first industrial revolution therefore ended in the nineteenth century with the introduction of electricity which led to a rapid advancement in transportation, medicine and other innovations. This dynamic atmosphere prepared the way for our present revolution, which is also known as the Information Revolution. Cortada suggests two main reasons for the present revolution, namely, â€Å"infusion of federal funds† in the q uest for technological innovations and the â€Å"existence of a potentially large commercial market† for this new technology (17). The commercial market spanned the entire globe. Thus, an individual could correspond with another individual half way across the world in real time. Further, a good could be manufactured in China, be advertised on the World Wide Web and be sold to someone in Australia within a single day. This present revolution in technology holds an abundance of benefits which were never realized in the previous revolutions. III. T he information revolution has had a positive effect on the lives of individuals across the globe or has it? Interestingly, each revolution added to the benefits of the

Discuss The Importance Of Copyright Media Essay

Discuss The Importance Of Copyright Media Essay The highly digitalised era that we live in has had a profound effect on the way we all access music, were over exposed to it, many of the traditional boundaries have been eroded and attitudes to consuming music are constantly being changed . Music today is a mere commodity and obtaining any aesthetic value such as we saw a generation ago with the LP or CD is extremely hard. Indeed, it is extremely hard to fix music to a source in its current MP3 format and the speed of access of technology is serving to create a hypermodernity nature  [1]   The dramatic rise in music piracy via the internet networks correlates directly with the decline in of traditional formats and in general the downturn in music sales. The intangible nature of the format and the decline in fair use  [2]  threatens to undermine the frameworks of copyright which is essentially the currency in which artists operate and can make a living, as Greenfield and Osborne note, copyright is the vehicle that drives the music industry  [3]   With large record companies such as EMI constantly postings losses  [4]  coupled with their reliance in exploiting their publishing subsidiaries copyright of back catalogues, is the music business now unsustainable? Have we moved into the era of the independent label and start-ups like sliceofthepie.com, indeed is the very structure of the record company under threat and can a copyright actually work in a digitalised world? Speaking with key up starters within the industry and analysing up to date documents and policy I which to establish the relevance of copyright In the current climate, and more importantly whose interests does it serve the musician or the company? Has copyright become outdated in the digitalised world or is new legalisation able reclaim rights that have been eroded by the huge expanse in the digitalised MP3 format. The UK background In 1709 the statute of Anne, whose full working title was conceived as An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein   [5]  sought in an elementary manner to provide a basis of rights protection to the producer of a literary piece and of equal importance set the very foundations of modern intellectual property law. This framework protected the authors work for up to 14 years and after the expiration of the term, it became part of the public domain of work and operated primarily on a publisher-to-publisher basis. A key point of discussion in the legal framework of copyright as a product stems from the story of the French composers in a Parisian cafe.  [6]  Not only does it capture the notion of modernity but it also generated much discussion. Essentially the message outlined in this instance remains the same today. How can a composer keep his work his own and protect from o ther would be entrepreneurs especially if they witness an opportunity for profit overseas. In some part the Berne convention deals with this, essentially, it requires signatories to act multilaterally in recognition of copyrighted works; therefore, a UK song would be protected in a country who has signed up. So this really expanded the initial ideas and provided a western union which currently has the signatories of 164 countries  [7]   Domestic UK law 1911 the law was extended to include early forms of music and sound recordings, indeed, in chronological analysis of copyright, its apparent that the legal system keeps a close reign on new forms of emerging media, alternatively speaking; copyright is heavily connected with the market for information and new innovation  [8]  This suggests that the law may have been connected with technological advancements but there has been countless examples of a transient phase in which the law has been slow to react. Individuals and publishers look to capitalise on the interim period between legislation and use it to their advantage for example i Finally then we arrive with the 1988 copyright designs and patterns act of the United Kingdom which with its amendments are the current statutes in operation. The 1988 framework sought to develop a number of key factors; chiefly it provides value to the industry in the sense that musical work is theoretically bound for 70 years and sound recordings and broadcasts 50 years. So in effect, this added a limit to exploitative life of a piece of creative work falling subsequently into the public domain whilst balancing the public and private domain. In relation to the explosion in the digital market, especially the internet, the law did not provide adequate protection for authors, artist, and the creative sector as a whole. The European Unions copyright directive of 2001 in particular article 6  [9]  led to a formal amendment in the domestic law The idea of fair use in first generated here, in essence means that certain use of a copyrighted material in certain circumstances does not constitute as infringement  [10]  and as outlined in PIP law that sufficient acknowledgement is required when using a copyrighted item.  [11]  So for example if an individual was researching or providing a critique of a particular act and required a copy of their material to formulate thought ,then under the concept of fair use one would be able to copy for personal home use. Such a concept does to an extent relies on the good will of the individual not to make duplicate copies and profit from them, especially as since 1988 the pace that one can access and distribute a piece a music has advanced tenfold, I continue with looking to see if fair use can be more encompassing, in the digital world late on but firstly I feel its important to establish the value chain of the entrepreneur in the digitalised world. Adding Value Firstly, the overwhelming problem when applying IP to the digitalised world of music is what exactly is the value in copyright and how can you accurately measure it. Large consultancy companies such as intangible businesses  [12]  seek to unravel the value IP. A key consideration  during the process of copyright valuation is to understand the notion of what drives the value of the copyright. For instance, a living musician generally supports their back catalogue of recordings through personal appearances and new releases, buoying their copyright valuation. After their death or after the musician stops recording their copyright  value  may diminish more rapidly than expected, as the support is no longer there.  [13]  Today the control of works in tyied up in a ever decreasing number of companies. 80% of the world market in sound recording is controlled by five record companies  [14]  who also all have extensive publishing arms and who part of large multinational companies. For example, Time Warner also owns AOL  [15]  So The traditional model in value attribution and copyright is demonstrated in figure 1 (see appendix). An artist creates a composition and then can strike a deal with a music publisher who effectively purchases a stake and in turn offers various channels of promotion in return or can give 100% rights to the Performing Rights Society (PRS) and go it alone. As Roger Wallis discusses music, publishers in the past were concerned with printing and distributing sheet music and sought to persuade artists and record companies to perform and record the songs that they represented.  [16]  As sheet music production deteriorated so the economic value that a composer could possibly receive from a collection agency fell too, essentially any particular format is dictated by its social importance at any given time. Therefore, for a popular artist to produce sheet music today is likely to produce only limited revenue, many publishers only seek to produce in order to broadcast the technical value of their work and provide authenticity and technique to the artists current catalogue. In reference to the traditional value chain of IP the use of mechanical rights needs clarifying. If a track is used on a physical product released by the record company then potential returns can be up to 8.5% of the wholesale price of the product, this distribution process is overseen in the UK by MCPS now a part of PRS. Although this initially appears a high rate of return, I would argue that these high figures of return are unattainable for the vast majority of artists and that the whole distribution royalty system is symbolic of a top-heavy pyramid. In 2005 2,700 composers and songwriters earned  £328m, this is an average of  £121,481 per person.  [17]  Clearly, a select few artists are obtaining most of the money. This is very much an area where we have all witnessed a huge loss in potential earnings for the artist at the bottom of the pyramid, because of digitalisation has taken hold copyright value in relation to the tangible product. Been lost and although one can still expect earnings from royalties there very much now limited Although such amounts from use of an artist property appear drastically diminished with the emergence of new technologies, new collecting societies for the distribution of revenues have emerged an example being iTunes. Any artist regardless of whether they are signed to a publishing deal can expect to receive royalties if their music is downloaded and as ill discuss later I believe The traditional model of value attribution is becoming more fragmented and hard there is a series of new value chains emerging which are replacing the traditional model. The situation today Im dealing with small band as the entrepenuer My first case study focuses on Johnny Tams, guitarist, songwriter and producer with Gold Teeth The band have enjoyed a successful period of late. Their debut single has featured on national radio networks such as Radio 1 and digital networks such as XFM, NME Radio and BBC Radio 6 and subsequently they have been on two nationwide tours. The band have a management deal and as a part of this a percentage of revenue generated from royalties goes to them also worth noting is the band have no record or publishing deal. What I am aiming to establish is whether in the digitalised world copyright has any incentive in the creation of music. Firstly the bands management company, monster music management, do not seek to exploit the bands rights instead they are focused on taking a cut from live performance and online music sales; indeed they actively promote the free download of their songs using websites such as MySpace. Since an incalculable amount of people can get access to the songs the ban ds reputation could rapidly expand, indeed as the internet is global the band could tap into emergent markets a decade a go that would have been unknown to them. For a young band member like Johnny the internet is an additional market without the constraints of copyright and a way of opting out of the highly exploitative nature of a publishing deal. It provides a new model, a type of counter culture and is an ever increasing trend even amongst established acts. Radiohead for example pioneered this new terrain. The release of 2004s In Rainbows marked the beginning of an internet only pay what you like model. Having fulfilled a 6 album contract with EMI which started in 1994,  [18]  Radiohead no doubt felt the constraints of an old system were affecting their creativity. In the following quote, Thom Yorke, the lead singer of Radiohead points to not only the tired rights model but to an industry on the verge of disaster ; I like the people at our record company, but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone needs one. And, yes, it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say Fuck you to this decaying business model  [19]   With the pay what you want release of In Rainbows, Radiohead received and were in full control of direct rights. They used publishers Warner Chappell as a consultancy to create a new distribution and rights model and begin to reorder the traditional value chain. In a press statement the CEO of Warnel/Chappell says; These new ways are iconoclastic in nature; they acknowledge the realities of a digital society and they challenge existing commercial assumptions. It is in this spirit that band and publisher are working together.  [20]   For Radiohead it was perhaps the combination of their leftist persona and of a large number of other situational factors that contributed to the emergence of this particular model. They were well aware of the current situation and that their work is widely circulated using P2P networks. Radiohead cleverly packaged the product by adding an additional experience, in this case a countdown website and a Speight of cryptic emails. In doing this they were able to draw upon the fact that human beings will actually pay for something if they deem it of value, as data gathered by gig wise suggests Radiohead actually recouped on average  £4 per download.  [21]  It is also testament to the inginuentive trailblazing nature of the model that the band was able to generate revenue from a particular moment in the constant changing process that is digitalisation. In suggesting this its easy to imagine a small band with out the financial clout really struggling to adopt such an approach. At the time of release all of the appropriate measures were taken to ensure that traditional collection methods with PRS were in place although the band has their own studio, these proved key to covering distribution cost which the band had funded themselves. The band also generated a significant income from an extensive world tour which since their last tour in 2004 has significantly higher ticket prices. Many theorists have suggested that creating such a model leads to a large amount of positive externalities  [22]  in which revenue can be potentially generated from the free distribution of music. For example the short term sacrifice in costs associated with making an album and releasing it for free may giveaway to unprecedented media exposure and Tours which venture into new territories. In the digital world many bands rely on these externalities to suvuve. In recent years major global labels have caught on to the potential revenue in externalalitie such as image rights and many larger acts are viewed as a brand image. This is defensive measure in securing revenue in an age when value once associated with copyright protection of works is no longer present. Its now commonplace for record companies to adopt an exploitative approach as a defensive measure in the climate of perceived threat of lost revenue. This happens in both in terms of minor and major artists and has been dubbed the 360 deal  [23]  Its increasingly commonplace for a small aspiring young band to be offered this type of deal. Labels play upon a young artists naivety by offering them a large sum of cash up front. In return labels demand a cut of their future earnings as a brand, everything from merchandise to tour revenue. A similar process but with more at stake happens with major recording artists.  [24]  Subsequently there has been a call for independent legal advice body as a necessary intermediately channel before the signing of contracts. Although well established superstar acts such as Radiohead have successfully pioneered a way of generating revenue, cutting out the middle men and protecting their rights, Johnnys band Gold Teeth may find it considerably more of a challenge in protecting their intellectual property by moving in such channels. Firstly, and most obviously, they simply dont have the mass audience or level of resource that established bands have. Secondly, copyright today, is viewed by many as actually putting an unnecessary constraint on young artists. Photographic orality  [25]  an idea developed by Toynbee suggests that putting young artists under the constraints of copyright is actually counterproductive in generating creativity. Artists at the early stage borrow and draw upon other musical influences to establish their particular sound. This well may be true; indeed Gold Teeth as soon as their first and most popular  [26]  single was recorded and distributed were formally advised by a major label to change a 12 second rhyme section as it sounded too similar to a band they manage the right for. They werent purposefully adopting a bands sound more subsconsiously adopting an influence. The problem of unknowingly sampling without adopting due consent may become more prevalent especially if we couple the rigidality of current copyright with the financial situation major labels are in. Gold Teeth are entrepreneurs of their times, digital in every sense the band have never released anything physical, and they view the internet as a new field of opportunity. Their music is readily available to download for free on MySpace or via ITunes, where an individual track costs 79p. Gold Teeth havent received any revenue from Apple instead relying on live gigs and PRS for rights based revenue  [27]  . Although it prides itself as a digital medium no money has actually filtered back to the smaller artists who make it work. Sceptism arises with Apple and ITunes as the chief rights holder for music on the internet. Unlike publishing companies Apple has no legacy in music. Its chief goal is in the development of hardware and is clearly driven by the profits associated with this, Acquiring the permission to sell music online is only present to enhance the ITunes experience. Apple also has the ability to manipulate an artists work without infringing copyright for example Apple puts emphasis on the download of single songs therefore destroying the feel of an album. It also uses the AAC format to stop the copying and sharing of its files. This file is unique to ITunes and requires an apple product to play it, although this protects against copying it also privatizes the digital economy If digital transactions are inevitably to become the standard way of operating in music then a new procedure in balancing the rights of the consumer and the artist have to be put in place. Also a level of regulation is required to protect New distribution models for a digitalised world At the beginning of the last decade Lawrence Lessig developed the creative commons model. It seeks to weaken copyright for the creative good of the artist, offering alternative ways of licensing. As part of the copy left licensing movement it builds upon the ideas of fair use, first brought into the legal jurisdiction of the UK in the EU directive of 2001. Essentially it allows artists to protect their work in the digital world, with which the required level of copyright protection that they see fit. Some artists may be aware of the inefficiencies of the current laws and do not want an All Rights Reserved printed on their works. Some might want a Some Rights Reserved or even a No Rights Reserved  [28]  Drawing upon this the model has four choices in licensing their music these are, Attribution, No Derivative Works, Non Commercial and Share Alike. A well informed music entrepreneur, in this case Gold Teeth are aware that potentially file distribution and mass circulation of ones m usic is not only inevitable has the potential to actually gain more financial success in the long run. If they chose the No Derivative license they would centrally register their work with creative commons, any sharing or distribution of their work wouldnt count as infringement as long is it remained true to the original sound. These labels offer clear and consise boundaries in which consumers and bands can operate. The model also offers founders copyright, this relates to the statute of Anne and offers 14 years of rights protection. Upon expiration, another single term of 14 years can be obtained therefore the model that work entering the public domain in a reduced time period gives rise to creative expression and adaptation. Adoption of such ideas would allow artists to be more expressive, sample and operate efficiently because of a more flexible attitude to protecting their property. Finally, given the economics of the digital world and the Attitudes to file sharing small bands should actively adopt digitalisation simply because distribution methods are much more efficient. Radiohe ad have successfully proved that promoting musical works over the internet is a positive updated method. If more bands follow the growing suit the major inefficiency of the respective deadweight loss through a copyright monopoly would be abolished at least in this end-consumer market and thus the dilemma be ameliorated a lot.  [29]   Within the past few years, there has been a huge surge in online music start-up companies. Where as the creative commons approach provides an alternative way in licensing ones music, Sliceofpie.com brings the whole processes of AR, Marketing and Financing a band onto one centralised domain whilst providing a high level of transparency to proceedings via a social networking platform. It allows a user to invest in a band by buying shares, the band upload tracks to increase popularity and eventually release an album, which is available for investors. Investors can adopt the role of an entrepreneur by watching their investment grow, The band and investors are therefore entered into a mutual partnership with an investors cut taken from any future externalities. This benefits the artist as it eliminates the exploitation of rights by the publisher, much like the model Radiohead pioneered but also provides finance for the band. The bands the Alps from Greenwich received  £21,000 to record their debut album from fans on slice the pie and were the first band to release an album using the process. The Alps own their own record label Elusive Music, are self-managed and oversee most of their business internally.  [30]  Speaking with lead singer and songwriter Daniel Hepinstall , its clear that protection of his IP is paramount. In this day and age what can one do? We decided to go all out and step out the box of the old music model and try something new. I have been in bands before where labels and publishers have hounded us for a piece of our rights. This models different, the fans choose, its more fair. The ability of a fan base to pave an artists career is not necessarily the ideal solution, but instead a mere step in the right direction. Music fans notoriously switch allegiances and loose interest, just ask any reader of trendsetter NME. Secondly, the main problem is that any alternative approach in protecting rights for the artist has to directly compete in an environment dominated by a dying model. As unsustainable as they are, the large fees put upfront and the PR avenues on offer from record labels are still impossible to match by sites such as slicethepie. Many of the acts from slicethepie achieve success but its relatively moderate in comparison to traditional methods, although more acts are give the chance to express their music to a digital audience with protected rights . Its important not to over criticise the potential in sites such as slicethepie as they are very much in their infancy. As I mentioned earlier, the industry, technology and legislation function together, If much needed copyright reform eventually occurs, then a new method would be able to capitalise. What is important to remember is that investors with slicethepie are believers in the music, they actively seek success for the bands. With the resulting rise in digitalisation, this notion has all too easily been eroded. Digital Rights Act, a missed opportunity? Downloading today and the systemic disregard for copyright law has reached widespread level. A recent Panorama investigation  [31]  suggests that 61% of 14-21 year olds download music on a regular basis and as a result,  £200 million a year in revenue is lost.  [32]  These figures directly correlate with the financial position we see many of the major labels in today, as a result there has been a huge move to tighten up copyright law even further.. Indeed, in a recent UN report suggests that on a multilateral the problem requires urgent attention, the following quote highlights this. Naturally, the control of illegal entrepreneurs with factories producing pirate CDs and recorded cassettes must be a major priority in all countries  [33]   Increasing the law past the 1988 and 2001 statutes is something that many industry bodies have been lobbying the government to do. Change in legislation is the only way to recoup lost revenue, Laura Marling: Illegal downloaders shouldnt be criminalised

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Passage Explication (928 -1207) :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Passage Explication (928 -1207) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the fourteenth century by an anonymous contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer. It is a tale of bravery, adventure, and coming of age. This is the ballad of Sir Gawain, one of King Arthur's knights, who is challenged to seek the green knight whose head he chopped off during the Arthur's Christmas dinner. The Modern English translation by Marie Boroff (1967) makes the poem easier to read and understand. The passage that is explicated is between lines 298 and 1207 in the Modern English translation. In the passage, Gawain, after feasting with the host, finally gets to meet the lady of the Bercilak. He is also introduced to Morgan le Faye, Arthur's evil half-sister, who is disguised as an older woman. Sir Bercilak, the host of the castle tells Gawain that he knows the location of the green chapel, and has Gawain play a game with. All throughout the passage different clues are given that the aforementioned castle has unusual abnormalities, but Gawai n choses not to ponder about their significance. If Gawain thought about unusual things that were happening in the castle, he could have avoided his future ebarrasment and cut on the neck. In the beginning of the passsage Gawain finally gets to meet the lady of Bercilak, in the chapel on Christmas day. The entrance of the lady is very ceremonial; she is led in by an older, less attractive woman, Morgan le Faye, who Gawain failks to recognize. The text describes the clothes that the lady wears and contasts her beauty with the ugliness of her companion. But unlike to look upon, those ladies were, for if the one was fresh, the other was faded: bedecked in bright red was the body of one; flesh hung in folds on the face of the other; on one a high headdress, hung all in pearls; her bright throat and bosom fair to behold, fresh as the first snow fallen upon hills; a wimple the other one wore rounded her throat; her swart chin well swaddled swathed all in white; her forehead enfolded in flounces of silk that fraimed a fair fillet, of fashion ornate, and nothing bare beneath save the black brows, the two eyes and the nose, the naked lips, and they unsightly to see, and sorrily bleared. A beldame, by God, she may well be deemed of pride! (Norton 178)

Condoms Essay -- Sex Protection Condoms Descriptive Process Essays

Condoms The word condom is probably derived from Latin "condus" meaning receptacle. Another explanation is that the gut condom was invented by the English army doctor Colonel Quondam in around 1645 and that the word is a corruption of his name. We do not know who invented condoms, but we do know that they were in use. There is evidence of this in the writings of Marquis de Sade, Casanova and James Boswell. The latter, a Scottish lawyer and writer, protected himself against sexually transmitted diseases by using a linen condom. During a visit to an Amsterdam brothel in 1764, he drank with a prostitute, but the encounter went no further as he'd left his "armour" behind. When visiting a brothel in Marseilles, Casanova tried so-called "English raincoats", and spoke of reaching great heights. The oldest illustration of a condom was found in Egypt and dates back more than 3,000 years. It is difficult to judge from the drawing what the ancient Egyptian wearing the condom had in mind. He may have worn it for sexual or ritual reasons-or both. Some claim that, in later times, the Romans made condoms from the muscle tissue of warriors they defeated in battle. The oldest condoms were discovered in the foundations of Dudley Castle near Birmingham, England. They were made of fish and animal intestine and dated back to 1640. They were probably used to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections during the war between the forces of Oliver Cromwell and soldiers loyal to King Charles I. Ancient Times Throughout the age's people have tried to find ways of preventing conception and venereal diseases. Obvious methods, such as withdrawal, the rhythm method, douches, and sponges were used, as were various predecessors of today's condom. In ancient Egypt, a linen sheath was used as protection against troublesome insects and tropical diseases. The Chinese tried to prevent infection by wrapping oiled silk paper around the penis, and the Japanese had leather and tortoiseshell sheaths. The Romans used tampons that had been dipped in herbs and condoms made of goats' bladders. Middle Ages The history of condoms in Europe begins in the sixteenth century, when the venereal disease syphilis reached epidemic proportions. In 1564, the Italian doctor Gabriel Falloppio wrote in the book 'Morbo Gallico', that a linen bag drenched in a solution of salt or herbs formed a ... ...ave a variety of condoms, which will please even the most discriminating tastes. You may even like the taste of flavored latex more than the real thing! Some alternatives to the dental dam Dental dams offer a unique kind of problem. Many people do not like to use dental dams because they like to feel the tongue to clitoris or tongue to anus stimulation. Along with dental dams, you can employ some other stimulation to complete the experience. Wear a latex glove covered in lubricant to further tease your partner's anus or vagina. If dental dams are becoming a problem because you are tired of holding something on your partner, you can use plastic wrap and wrap it around the vagina and/or anus. While cellophane is not as good protection as latex (and should never be used instead of condoms), using it will keep the hands free to use elsewhere. Use lubricant inside and outside the condom. (Many condoms are pre-lubricated.) Lubrication helps prevent rips and tears, and it increases sensitivity. Use only water-based lubricants, such as K-YÂ ® jelly or LUVE, with latex condoms. Oil-based lubricants like petroleum jelly, cold cream, butter, or mineral and vegetable oils damage latex.

My favourite holiday destination Essay

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The President is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and is the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The President is indirectly elected by the people through elected members of the Parliament of India (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) as well as of the Legislative Assemblies in States of India (Vidhan Sabha) and serves for a term of five years. Historically, ruling party (majority in the Lok Sabha) nominees (for example, United Progressive Alliance nominee Pranab Mukherjee) have been elected or largely elected unanimously. Incumbent presidents are permitted to stand for re-election. A formula is used to allocate votes so there is a balance between the population of each state and the number of votes assembly members from a state can cast, and to give an equal balance between State Assembly members and the members of the Parliament of India. If no candidate receives a majority o f votes, then there is a system by which losing candidates are eliminated from the contest and their votes are transferred to other candidates, until one gains a majority. Although Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the President can exercise his or her powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the executive authority vested in the President are, in practice, exercised by the popularly elected Government of India, headed by the Prime Minister. This Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of Ministers. The President of India resides in an estate in New Delhi known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan (which roughly translates asPresident’s Palace). The presidential retreat is The Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam (President’s Place) in Hyderabad. The 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn-in on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President. He took over the position from Pratibha Patil, who was the first woman to serve in the office. ORIGIN—-India achieved independence from British Rule on 15 August 1947, initially as aDominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as the King of India, represented in the country by a Governor-General. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of  India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,:26making India a republic.:9 The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as the first incumbent.:1 Legislative Legislative power is constitutionally vested in the Parliament of India of which the president is the titular head. The President summons both the Houses (the Lok Sabhaand the Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha. :147 These powers are formal and by convention, the President uses these powers according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The President inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session each year. Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government. :145 All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President. The President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill or a constitutional amendment bill, for reconsideration. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President is obliged to assent it. The President can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it to the Parliament) thereby exercising a pocket veto.[11] When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session, and if government feels the need for immediate procedure, the President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as laws passed by Parliament. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Appointment powers The President appoints, as Prime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha(usually the leader of the  majority party or coalition). The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister. 72 The Council of Ministers remains in power during the ‘pleasure’ of the President. In practice, however, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it commands the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha. The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:72 Governors of States The Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India The Attorney General The Comptroller and Auditor General The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission Vice Chancellor of central university and academic staff of central university through his nominee Directors of IITs and NITs Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries Financial powers All money bills originate in Parliament, but only if the President recommends them. He or she presents the Annual Budgetand supplementary Budget before Parliament. No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without his or her assent. The President appoints a finance commission every five years. Withdrawal from the contingency fund of India is done after the permission of the President. :48 The Contingency Fund of India is at the disposal of the President. Judicial powers The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice. He or she dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present. According to Article  143 of Indian Constitution, if the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he or she can ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court. Military powers The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. The President can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of parliament only under the decision of the Council of the Armed Forces Chief staffs,Military Secretary and President’s Officer (Deputy Military Secretary). All important treaties and contracts are made in the President’s name. He also appoints the heads of the armed forces. Emergency powers The President can declare three types of emergencies: national, state, financial. :12 National emergency See also: The Emergency (India) National emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory on causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war), 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi on account of â€Å"internal disturbance†) Under Article 352 of the India Constitution, the President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval, there’s no maximum duration.[18][page needed] In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended.[7]:33 The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended.(Article 21):20.6 The President can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the President for its approval.[16]:88 The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared  emergency. :223 State emergency If the President is satisfied, on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he/she can declare a state of emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 2 months. Under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). A State Emergency can be imposed via the following: 1. By Article 356 – If that state failed to run constitutionally i.e. constitutional machinery has failed[25]:159 2. By Article 365 – If that state is not working according to the given direction of the Union Government.[26] This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6-month period. However, after one year it can be extended only if 1. A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state. 2. The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state. On 19 January 2013, President’s rule was imposed on the Indian State of Jharkhand, making it the latest state where this kind of emergency has been imposed. Financial emergency[edit] If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he/she can then proclaim a financial emergency, as per the Article 360. :159 Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. :604 A state of financial emergency remains in force  indefinitely until revoked by the President.[13]:195 The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, in case of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters. Eligibility Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the President. A President must be: A citizen of India Of 35 years of age or above Qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates. These are: The current Vice President. The Governor of any State. A Minister of the Union or of any State (Including Prime Minister and Chief Ministers). :72 In the event that the Vice President, a State Governor or a Minister is elected President, they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President. Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[31] a candidate, to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his or her name to appear on ballot. Conditions for Presidency Main article: Electoral College (India) Certain conditions, as per Article 59 of the Constitution, debar any eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are: The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected  President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President. The President shall not hold any other office of profit. The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule. The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office.